Which empire was known for its contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and architecture, particularly during its Golden Age?

The Islamic Empire, especially during its Golden Age from the 8th to the 14th centuries, made significant advancements in various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and architecture. Scholars in the Islamic world were instrumental in preserving and expanding upon the knowledge of ancient cultures, particularly Greek and Persian.

In mathematics, they introduced concepts such as algebra, which derives its name from the Arabic word "al-jabr." They also played a crucial role in the development of the numeral system we use today, including the concept of zero.

In astronomy, Islamic scholars made lasting contributions by advancing observational techniques and creating detailed star maps. They were responsible for the development of trigonometry and the construction of astrolabes, tools that facilitated navigation and astronomical observations.

Architecturally, the Islamic Empire is renowned for its stunning structures, such as mosques and palaces, characterized by intricate geometric patterns and calligraphy. Their architectural innovations included the use of domes and minarets, which defined Islamic architectural styles and have had a lasting influence worldwide.

In contrast, while the Roman Empire made significant contributions to engineering and architecture, it did not reach the same intellectual heights in mathematics and astronomy during its peak. The Ottoman Empire, although part of the Islamic world